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The book is devoted to the exposition and analysis of one of the most complicated
processes in the course of evolution of living nature — to the appearance
of the first men from the animal world and their development. The book
comprises three parts.
In the first part Darwin’s hypothesis of anthropogenesis and other
views are critically analysed. Pre-Darwinian ideas on the origin of
man reviewed
and Darwin’s conception on the emergence of man from the depths of
the order of primates, namely from highly developed anthropoid apes,
is exposed.
The author introduces the reader to the history of knowledge of primates
and their investigations in the Soviet Union, and gives a detailed
description of the recent higher or anthropoid apes. These anthropoids
— chimpanzee,
gorilla, orangoutan which are the nearest relatives of man, permite
to form a judgement on the prehuman ancestors and to revive them in
our
conceptions. In this context data are presented on fossil anthropoid
apes, whose bony remains have been discovered during the last decades in
considerable quantities in Asia and Africa. Most interesting
are australopithecus
and affiliated forms.
A special chapter deals with different post-Darwinian hypotheses of
anthropogenesis. Thus, for instance the tarsial hypothesis of Frederic
Wood Jones on the
origin of man directly from the prosimian tarsier (Tarsius), the hypothesis
of the
eoanthrope (Eooanthropus) advanced by Henry Fairfield Osborn, Franz
Weidenreich’s hypothesis of giant apes (Gigantopithecus) as ancestors
of man are critically
analysed.
In the course of the exposition different religious interpretations
of anthropogenesis are refuted. The author bases the materialistic
conception
of anthropogenesis
on the Darwin’s theory of evolution and Engel’s theory of the influence
of work on the formation of man from a simian ancestor.
The second part of the monograph deals with the specific features in
the structure of the human body determined by origin and work. A comparison
is drawn with anth-
403
ropoid apes, their modes of locomotion, body weight, and position of
the centre of gravity. In the same order are characterized the
upper and lower
extremities, vertebral column, thorax and pelvis. Similar and dissimilar
features are indicated, including body proportions. At the end
of this comparison of the skeleton, the skull is considered as the receptacle
of the brain and
a synthesis is given of the comparative-anatomical examination
of
the
human body.
In considering the brain and the higher nervous activity of man
and apes as in the book in a whole the author takes as a basis
the data
and conceptions
of Soviet scientists. The ontogenetic development of the brain
is described in a comparative aspect. The peripheric sections
of analysers
and
theit connection with the cortex, the characteristic features of
the tactile,
visual, auricular and other analysators are described.
It is shown that in regard to structure the human brain is very
similar to the brain of primates and that it represents the final
product
of an extremely
long development of the animal world.
The author exposes the doctrine of higher nervous activity and
display of emotions in apes in the light of Pavlov theory and describes
the
results of experiments with apes carried out by Soviet investigators,
for instance
by N. N. Ladygina-Kots, E. G. Vatsuro, N. Yu. Voitonis, G. Z. Roginsky.
Here
too the author draws a sharp line between the higher nervous activity
of apes and humans. The higher nervoux activity of man differs
qualitatively, being
characterized by a second signal system, socially determined abstraction,
and consciousness.
To the prerequisites for the hominization of the simian ancestors
of man, already outlined in the previous exposition, must be added
the gregarious
life habits of apes, as the fundamental prerequisite for the appearence
and extraordinary development of sociability in Archantropes and
early men, for
the appearance of society. The second part of the book terminates
with the examination of primordial forms of manipulations and cases
of use
of
implements
by recent apes.
In the third part the process in the formation of man is analysed
on the basis of paleontological data, in connection with changes
in the
natural
environment and progress of material culture.
The first stage of hominization is represented by the primordial
man or archantropus, such, for instance, as the Java man (Pithecanthropus
erectus)
and the Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis).
The second stage, that of tne development of the early, or Neanderthal
man, is referred to the glacial period. Early men are characterized
by greater
brain dimensions, further development of material culture, mastery
of fire, dispersal through Europe, Africa and Asia. From them a
new type
of sapient
man was formed, which appeared several thousand years ago.
Homo sapiens represents the culmination of the process of hominization,
characterized by articulated speech and the appearance of tribal
communities. Further the physical type of man changes
404
but little, but social progress is very rapid.
The human brain has reached its maximum development and is sufficient
to enable men to control the forces of nature and to master
the cosmic space.
In conclusion the author criticises the erroneous hypotheses
on the origin of contemporaneous man. A special place is occupied
by the
section on
human races and their
origin, the struggle againsb racism. Examples are given of
the flourishing of national cultures in the USSR on the basis
of
Lenin national policy
and in the appendices is given the declaration on races, recently
(1964 and 1967)
accepted by the experts of UNESCO with the participation of
eminent Soviet anthropologists.
| Предисловие | 5
|
|
| Часть I. Дарвиновская и другие гипотезы антропогенеза |
7
|
|
| Глава первая | Дарвин о происхождении человека | 8
|
| Идея антропогенеза до Дарвина |
8
|
|
| Дарвин об эволюции животного мира |
13
|
|
| Человеческая родословная по Дарвину |
17
|
|
| Очерк развития знаний о приматах |
29
|
|
| Развитие приматологии в СССР | 40
|
|
| Глава вторая | Человекообразные обезьяны и их происхождение | 56
|
| Современные антропоиды |
56
|
|
| Ископаемые антропоиды |
70
|
|
| Глава третья | Позднейшие гипотезы происхождения человека и их критика |
95
|
| Религиозные трактовки антропогенеза |
95
|
|
| Тарзиальная гипотеза |
99
|
|
| Симиальные гипотезы |
104
|
|
| Гипотеза антропогенеза Осборна |
111
|
|
| Гипотеза антропогенеза Вейденрейха |
119
|
|
| Некоторые факторы гоминизации и вымирания ископаемых антропоидов плиоцена и плейстоцена | 124
|
|
| Часть II.Особенности строения человеческого тела и возникновение древнейших людей | 133
|
|
| Глава первая | Человек как примат | 134
|
| Черты приспособленности человеческого тела к прямохождению |
134
|
|
| Характерные отличительные особенности человеческого тела, не стоящие
в непосредственной связи с прямохождением |
140
|
|
| Специальные черты сходства между человеком и антропоидами |
145
|
|
| Рудименты и атавизмы у человека | 148
|
|
| Глава вторая | Роль труда и прямохождения в антропогенезе |
154
|
| Роль труда |
154
|
|
| Способы передвижения у человекообразных обезьян |
157
|
|
| Вес тела в центр тяжести у человека и обезьян |
165
|
|
| Нижние конечности |
168
|
|
| Костный таз, позвоночник и грудная клетка |
173
|
|
| Верхние конечности |
180
|
|
| Пропорции тела и асимметрии |
185
|
|
| Череп | 189
|
|
| Глава третья | Головной мозг и высшая нервная деятельность человека и обезьян |
199
|
| Головной мозг и анализаторы человека и обезьян |
199
|
|
| Развитие периферических частей анализаторов |
210
|
|
| Высшая нервная деятельность обезьян |
226
|
|
| Вторая сигнальная система — характерное отличие мышления человека | 246
|
|
| Глава четвертая | Стадность у обезьян и зачаточные формы труда |
249
|
| Стадность у обезьян |
249
|
|
| Зачаточные формы труда |
263
|
|
| Антропогенез и его факторы | 272
|
|
| Часть III. Формирование человека по данным палеоантропологии |
233
|
|
| Глава первая | Первая ступень: древнейшие люди (питекантропы) |
284
|
| Питекантроп острова Явы |
284
|
|
| Синантроп |
292
|
|
| Гейдельбергский человек | 305
|
|
| Глава вторая | Вторая ступень: древние люди (палеоантропы) |
309
|
| Ледниковая эпоха |
309
|
|
| Неандертальцы и их физический тип |
314
|
|
| Находки неандертальцев в СССР |
322
|
|
| Палестинские неандертальцы |
330
|
|
| Образ жизни древних людей |
339
|
|
| Развитие мозга у ископаемых людей | 343
|
|
| Глава третья | Современные люди (неоантропы) |
356
|
| Человек верхнего палеолита |
356
|
|
| Ошибочные гипотезы происхождения современного человека и их критика |
370
|
|
| Человеческие расы |
380
|
|
| Факторы формирования рас |
387
|
|
| Наука против расизма | 394
|
|
| Summary | 403
|
|
| Приложение 1. | Предложения по биологическим аспектам расовой проблемы |
406
|
| Приложение 2. | Декларация о расе и расовых предрассудках |
410
|
| Литература | 414
|
|