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A Abbadia, 22 |
Ammonites, 23, 24 - extinction of, 30 Amphibians, of Permian Period, 14-17 Animals, domesticated, 9, 11,104-107. See also Domestication Anthropogenic mass extinctions. See Current mass extinction; Human activity Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 104 Armadillos, 41 Arsinotherium, 36 Asteroid impact - climate change from, 26-28 - dinosaur extinction from, 24-28, 29 - human extinction from, 157-158 - immediate effects of, 26 - likelihood of, 156,158 - re-creation of, 24-28 - simulations of, 158-159 Attention-deficit/hyper activity disorder, 144-146 Australia, megamammal extinctions in, 43-44 Australopithecus aethiopithecus, 140 Australopithecus afarensis, 140 Australopithecus africanus, 140 Australopithecus boisei, 140 Autotrophs, 151 |
Background extinction, 55 |
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| - increase in, 32, 35. See also Speciation - mass extinctions and, 32, 35,48 - mean equilibrium value of, 65 - measurement of, 48-53 - regulation of, 64-66 - temperature and, 71 - trends in, 64-66 The Biodiversity Crisis and the Future of Evolution (Myers), 113-114 Bioengineering, 6, 108-113 - domestication as, 6-7, 108-113 - ecological risks of, 112-113 - in humans, 147 Biological warfare, 164 Biostratigraphy, 123 Biotic change, human-induced, 7 Biotic islands, 10 Bioturbation, 18 Bipeds, emergence of, 29 Birds - extinction of, 56-59 - as supertaxa, 124 Birks, John, 160 Body size - decrease in, 114 - doubling time and, 124 - habitat size and, 114, 134-135 - of recovery fauna, 134-135 - speciation for, 114 - species diversity and, 53 Body types - changes in, 28-29, 85 - preservation of, 115 Braided rivers, 18-20 |
Brain size, evolution of, 141-142 Calvin, William, 143, 161 |
- plant populations and, 43, 86-87 - prediction of, 85-88 - urbanization and, 82-83 Climate flip-flop, 161-163 Coastal zones, population growth in, 89-90 Cohen, Joel, 92 Comets. See Asteroid impact Comings, David, 144 Compounded disturbances, 68-70 Conservation efforts, 60, 115 Continental drift, 38, 63 - biodiversity and, 70-72 Convergent evolution, 133-134 Coral reefs, 35, 170-173 Crabs, predatory, 76 Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sites, 21, 24 Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, 8, 24-28, 32. See also Mass extinction(s) - evolutionary innovation after, 130-134 Crops. See also Plant(s) as recovery fauna, 11, 104-105, 108 , transgenic, 110-113 The Crucible of Creation (Morris), 133 Crutzen, Paul, 160 Current mass extinction, 7-9, 10. See also Mass extinction(s) - biodiversity decrease in, 48 - controversies over, 47 48 - loss of megamammals in, 39-45 - megamammals in, 39-45, 135 |
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- optimistic vs. pessimistic view of, 59-61 D Darwin, Charles, 67, 104 |
Domestication, 6 E Earth |
Engines of Creation (Drexler), 166 Environmental changes - loss of diversity and, 56-57, 67-68 - speciation and, 68 Environmental disturbances - compounded, 68-70 - vs. perturbations, 67 Eosuchians, 15 Equilibrium theory of island biogeography, 64 65 Erwin estimates, 51-53 Eutrophication, 96 Evolution - changing patterns of, 6-7 - convergent, 133-134 - directed, 146-148 - directionality of, 139-140 - future of, 97-101, 113-117, 152-175. See also Future evolution - genetic isolation and, 140 - human imprint on, 7 8 Evolutionary convergence, 5-6 Evolutionary innovation, 10. See also Speciation barriers to, 132-134 - in Cambrian Explosion, 128-134 - decline of, 128 - requirements for, 132-134 Evolutionary rate, 122-124 Evolutionary succession, 79-80 Evolutionary winners, prediction of, 121-128 Evolution crisis, 113-114 Extinction, 156-167. See also Mass extinction(s) |
185
- background, 55 F Faunal interchange, 70-72, 152 |
- of Permian Period, 13-18 G Gaston, K. G., 51 |
Giant ground sloths, 41 H Habitat changes |
186
| - extinction and, 56-57, 67-68 - human activity and, 80-85 - speciation and, 68 Habitat islands, 77 Habitat preservation, 60, 115 Habitat size - biodiversity and, 56-57, 64-66, 70-72 - body size and, 114, 134-135 - extinction rate and, 64-66 - for megamammals, 114 Hendaye fossil beds, 20-28 Heritability - of behavioral disorders, 145-146 - definition of, 145 - of intelligence, 143 Heterotrophs, 151 Holdover taxa, 34 Hominidae, 140 Homo erectus, 140 Homo habilis, 140 Homo heidelburgensis, 140 Homo neanderthalis, 140 Homo sapiens, 140 Howard, Ebeneezer, 81 How Many People Can the Earth Support? (Cohen), 92 Human activity - alien invasions and, 72-76 - biological impact of, 7 - directed evolution and, 146-148 - evolutionary impact of, 7-8 - habitat change and, 80-85 - pollution and, 80-85 Human evolution, 139-153 - bioengineering in, 147 - intelligence in, 142-144 |
- morphological, 140 I Ice Age, mass extinctions of, 39-45 |
- heritability of, 142-143 J James, Helen, 54 Joy, Bill, 165-166 Kaczynski, Ted, 164 L Laboute, Pierre, 172,173 M MacArthur, Robert, 64 |
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| - symbiotic evolution with, 149-151 Macroevolution, 123 Malthus, Thomas, 93 Mammals - body size of. See Body size - emergence of, 29, 33 - large. See Megamammals Mammoths, 41, 44 Marine species - extinction of, 10, 30, 88-90 - overfishing and, 89, 90 - speciation in, 90 Marsupials, 43-44 Mass extinction(s). See also Extinction - anthropogenic. See Current mass extinction; Human activity - body form changes after, 28-29 - causes of, 33-34 - climate change and, 33, 43 - Cretaceous-Tertiary, 8, 32 - current. See Current mass extinction - discovery of, 30-32 - evolutionary impact of, 32-33 - evolutionary innovation after, 10, 130-134 - expansion phase of, 34 - extinction phase of, 34 - fossil records of, 28-33 - macroevolutionary view of, 8 - origination rate after, 34 - Permian, 8, 18-20, 32-33 - rebound phase of, 34 - recovery fauna of, 116-117, 119-121. See |
also Recovery fauna - recovery interval after, 34, 116-117 - reef ecosystems and, 35 - sedimentary beds and, 17-20 - sequence of events in, 34-35 - severity of, 54-56 - speciation and, 8, 34-35. See also Speciation - survival phase of, 34 Mastodons, 41, 44 Maurer, M. 77 May, Robert, 47, 53, 57 McKinney, Michael, 67, 79-80 Mean equilibrium value of diversity, 65 Megacities, growth of, 80-85 Megamammals - extinction of, 10, 39-45, 135 - habitat size for, 114 Mellon, Margaret, 112 Mesozoic Era, 8, 13, 32 - end of, 8, 24-28, 26, 29 Metal processing, pollution from, 96, 151 Meteors. See Asteroid impact Mexico, asteroid impact in, 24-28 The Miners Canary (Eldredge), 8, 57 Modern mass extinction. See Current mass extinction Molecular electronics, 166 Moores, Eldredge, 71 Moravec, Hans, 165 Morphological changes, 28-29, 85 |
Morris, Paul, 67 N Nanotechnology, 165-166 Oceans |
188
P Paine, Michael, 158 |
Pleistocene Epoch Q Quammen, David, 8 R Racial homogenization, 141 |
- domesticated species as, 9, 11, 104-107 S Sagan, Carl, 161, 166-167 |
189
| Sloths, 41, 43 Snakes, as supertaxa, 124 Solid waste, 83 The Song of the Dodo (Quammen), 8 Speciation. See also Evolutionary innovation - for body size, 114 - in Cambrian Explosion, 128-134 - constraints on, 114 - after current mass extinction, 8-9 - faunal interchange and, 70-72, 152 - fish, 90 - geographic isolation and, 70-72, 152 - habitat disturbances and, 68 - human, 141,148,152-153 - isolating mechanisms in, 152 - mass extinctions and, 34 35. See also Speciation - niche saturation and, 66 - rate of, 66 Species - climate change and, 86-87 - distribution of, 50 - introduction of, 72-76 - measurement of, 48-53 - synonymous, 50 - transgenic, 109-113 Species diversity. See Biodiversity Spradling, Alan, 110 Stanley, Steven, 122-123, 144 The State of the World (Worldwatch Institute), 87 |
Steadman, David, 58 T Taming. See Domestication |
Transposons, 11,109 U Ungulates, extinction of, 41 V Valentine, James, 71 W Warfare |
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| vii | ||
| Biological Futures Niles Eldredge |
ix | |
| PREFACE | xiii | |
| INTRODUCTION | The Chronic Argonauts | 1 |
| ONE | The Deep Past: A Tale of Two Extinctions |
13 |
| TWO | The Near Past: The Beginning of the End of the Age of Megamammals | 37 |
| THREE | Into the Present | 47 |
| FOUR | Reuniting Gondwanaland |
63 |
| FIVE | The Near Future: A New World |
79 |
| SIX | The First Ten Million Years: The Recovery Fauna |
103 |
| SEVEN | After the Recovery: A New Age? |
119 |
| EIGHT | The Future Evolution of Humans |
139 |
| NINE | Scenarios of Human Extinction: Will There Be an After Man? |
155 |
| TEN | Deep Time, Far Future |
169 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
|
177 |
| INDEX | 183 |
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