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Why do I often not mention the sources and do not treat readers with the wisdom of encyclopedic dictionaries? Just because it will terribly increase the size of the work, confuse and tire the reader, force him to throw up the book. Time and forces are so limited! My goal is to give a lot in a small and accessible volume. I am burning with the desire to inspire all people with reasonable and invigorating thoughts. Moreover, I work independently and from zero; however, the basics are science-based, old and well-known. A lot of names, opinions and dates interfere with the main assimilation of the truth. It is up to specialists and historical sciences to give these dates, names and their contradictory opinions. I choose from all the material what I think is most likely. Of course, compilations require a different presentation. My works are not compilations.
Langley gave 30 large calories per minute for solar energy
in the vacuum per square meter of a normally sunlit surface (at a distance of
the Earth). Now some ones give 20 calories. Others gave 40 calories. Let's take
the newest number – 20, which shows that the energy of the sun’s rays falling
directly on a square meter of the surface can heat a liter or a kilogram of
water at 20 degrees Celsius per minute. In a year we will get 10 million (m.n.)
calories. Due to the spherical shape of the Earth (i.e. night and oblique rays),
this number decreases of 4 times by an average, so that only 2.5 m.n. per square
meter fall per year from the Sun.
A kilogram of flour or dry grain gives about 4000 calories. Consequently, the
Sun should give (on average), with the ideal use (utilization) of its energy,
625 kg of flour per year, per 1 square meter of the planet’s surface.
Let’s take the grain harvest from the arpent* (hectare, or 100 ares. Each ar
= 100 sq. m.) as 1 ton per year (we discard insignificant energy of straw and
roots). Per square meter it will be 0.1 kg. This is 6250 times less than it
should be.
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What a sad use of solar energy! In fact, it is even smaller.
Indeed, let’s assume the Earth’s population of 2 billion (m. r. d.). Let’s assume,
on average, 300 kilograms (kg) of flour per year for human sustenance, i.e.
almost 2 pounds per day. This means that humanity downs 600 m. r. d. kilograms
of flour. The surface of the Earth is more than 500 billion (b. l. n.) square
meters. Each square meter – we have seen it – should give 625 kg of flour. So,
all the solar energy received by the Earth should give 312,500 billion kg of
flour. This is more than the actual 521000. Some of the plants are also used
for feeding livestock, for fuel, etc. Therefore, even if we will increase the
amount of extracted products by 10 times, the use will still be only one fifty
thousandth of the solar energy. If at least 20% of solar energy were utilized,
then even then the Earth could feed the population 100 thousand times more than
today. It would only be unacceptably cramped.
There are very prolific and nutritious plants: some tropical root crops, also
bananas, breadfruit trees, palm trees, fig trees and many others. Their utilization
of sunlight is much greater. Let’s consider a banana, which replaces good wheat
bread. This plant can yield up to 400 tons of fruit alone (ton = 1000 kg, or
61 poods*) from an arpent (10000 sq. m.). From one sq. m. it happens to be 40
kg per year. The heating capacity of banana fruits is 4 times less than that
of grain. Therefore, nutritionally, 40 kg of bananas correspond to ten (10)
kg of flour. This is 62 times less than the ideal number (625). Utilization
of radiant energy by banana will be 100 times greater than by wheat. The energy
use of a banana will be figured out at 1.6%, and wheat at 0.016%. Roots, trunks
and leaves further increase this utilization. However, laboratory experiments
have not yet yielded more than 5%.
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About 80% (up to 45° latitude) of the entire land is in a warm
climate. Therefore, when settling it and using the most prolific plants, it
is already possible to feed the population 400 times more than the present.
Indeed, there are 4 arpents of fertile soil per person in a warm climate. (Actually,
5-6 arpents, but part of the ground is still inarable.) A human can feed himself
during the year with 1000 kg of bananas or similar fruits. The same is obtained
from 100 sq. meters of soil, or from the 1 are. This means that 4 arpents (400
ares) can provide 400 times more food.
However, only 1-2% of solar energy is utilized, and if we accept the best conditions
and wood energy, then no more than 5%. Let’s analyze the possible causes of
this offensive phenomenon. By finding the causes and eliminating them, we will
get better results. These, in our opinion, are the main reasons.
1. Imperfection of plants. Indeed, the individuality of the
organism means a lot. So, cereals use 1/6000 of the share of solar energy, and
a banana up to 1/60, i.e. 100 times more. This cannot be explained by a difference
in the energy of the rays of a hot country and a moderate one only. The difference
here is insignificant, but in recycling it is huge. Moreover, cereals even in
hot countries give a little more (for example, twice, three times, due to several
seeding-downs and harvests in one year). Some plants use solar energy even better
than a banana. It is necessary to determine purposefully the percentage of utilization
of solar energy by nutritious and industrial trees and to work out the best
one by selection and cross-breeding. Experiments should be carried out mainly
in tropical countries, since they own the largest part (80%) of the surface
of the globe and future agriculture will take precedence here.
How much success and new results can be achieved in this regard can be seen,
for example, from the history of Burbank’s discoveries. This great man suffered
great hardships at first, slept in a chicken coop and would have died of exhaustion
without a kind woman who supported his strength with milk.
By crossing plants and selecting them, he received: a seedless plum, an edible
cactus without thorns (we will talk about it later), a quince with pineapple
flavor, a cross between blackberries and raspberries with fruits of 7-8 centimeters,
a fragrant dahlia, a cross between a walnut, which at the age of 14 gave trees
24 meters high, with precious wood, potatoes, with 25% starch, a kind of tomato
with potatoes on branches, a kind of potato with fruits above the soil surface,
and much more other.
Other researchers also got wonderful results, although they did not match Burbank.
Thus, in Europe, new wheat breeds have been created, growing in fields unsuitable
for ordinary wheat, new more productive corn with various properties; new wheat
yielding 4-5 tons of grain per tithe, also oats, barley and flax of good qualities
and yields, the yield of maize has been increased by a ton per tithe. We have
done much more. Everyone knows enough about artificially-bred sugar beetroot.
Similar transformations are possible and well-known among the animal world.
2. A huge part of the solar energy is absorbed by the translucent atmosphere
and its clouds. This diminishes the effect of the sun by at least 4
times. In fact, it is much more. Many countries are constantly obscured by clouds
and fogs and almost do not see bright light. Although the average cloud cover
of the Earth is determined at 50%, but this is hardly true. Air nebulosity is
a very common phenomenon. Although the sun is visible here, it’s not much use
of it.
3. Extremely small amount of carbon dioxide in the air (1: 3000, by
volume). Experiments show that the most favorable amount of carbon
dioxide should be ten times more than the existing one (0.03%). It is different
for different plants and has not yet been determined. The amount of carbon dioxide
can be adjusted in closed rooms to plants, transparent from above. But it can,
in general, be increased in the air through the burning of fossil coal, peat
and oil, through the burning of limestones (cement business) and the destruction
of wild forests, the wood of which takes a lot of carbonic acid from the air
and represents dead capital. Cultivated plants, for this purpose, should have
as few trunks, branches and leaves as possible. The fruits themselves should
contain chlorophyll and work (chemically) instead of leaves.
However, the abundant future crops of fruit plants and humanity itself (with
their bodies) will take away a lot of carbon dioxide from the air. But then
there will be a lot of it, due to human efforts. A significant change in the
composition of the atmosphere will be achievable only with an increase in the
conscious population hundreds of times and the corresponding development of
technology and industry. The bowels of the Earth continuously emit huge amounts
of gases containing carbon, but at the same time it is absorbed by ocean shells
(carbonic lime) and plants, oceans and land. Some of these plants do not decay
(returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere), but are carried away by the waters
and buried in the ground and water in the form of coals, oil and peat. It is
possible to weaken this sad phenomenon, but on the condition of a powerful development
of intelligent life on Earth.
4. A lot of solar energy is wasted for harmful overheating of leaves,
fruits, trunk, branches and exposed ground. Truly, those leaves or
fruits are ideal, which use all the energy of the rays falling on them for chemical
work (the formation of sugars, starches, oils, fibers, etc.). Such ones are
black not only for the eyes, but also for any photograph. Such plants will completely
absorb the heat of equatorial countries, accumulating potential energy in their
bodies. Were it not for the atmosphere, which inevitably absorbs the heat of
the sun, then a polar climate would have formed among such plants and, of course,
the plants would have died. Therefore, full (100%) use is unthinkable.
5. Due to overheating of the plant (most of all with thin leaves),
it has to evaporate a lot of water, which is spent on solar energy. So,
when receiving one ton of grain, 260 tons of water is evaporated by the plant.
The work used for this (heat of evaporation) is 35 times more than the reserved
energy of the grain. This means that 35 times more is spent uselessly than is
useful. Sunflower evaporates another 15 times more. Here evaporation takes 700
times more energy than chemical work (in fruits). In general, the usual harvest
of our plants requires, for one kg of dry matter, 300 kg of water. Again, it
appears that evaporation takes 48 times more than the useful work of the sun.
How to avoid it and is it possible to avoid it? If there is no evaporation,
then there will be excessive heating of thin leaves and the death of cells.
With a strong wind, there can be no harmful heating: the air cools the leaves
and needles. But there are inevitable moments of calm air, which spoil the whole
thing.
If the leaves are very thick or if they are replaced by massive fruits, then
there can not be much heating even when calm. It is also weakened by the increased
chemical work of chlorophyll in plants. Then these leaves or fruits replacing
them can do without stomata and evaporation (like seaweed). They can be impervious
to vapor and water.
Such plants already exist between the kinds of some cacti and other species.
They were developed by a hot, arid desert with its burning, tireless sun and
lack of moisture.
Such leaves, like all organic membranes, are not alien to diffusion: gases penetrate
through them, but they almost do not lose water, i.e. they do not evaporate.
Thus, the chemical processes in the leaf continue to take place.
Some of these plants are strikingly prolific. Thus, the Burbank’s cactus yields
15,000 tons of matter per hectare per year with little irrigation (250 tons
of fruit. Without irrigation – 9000 tons of substance). There will be 1.5 tons
or 1500 kg of substance per square meter. This is 37 times more than a banana
gives (counting only its fruits). We do not know what the heat-producing power
of a cactus is, and therefore we cannot determine its use of solar energy. If
its heating capacity is the same as carrots, i.e. half as much as a banana,
then the use of cactus will be 18 times more than a banana. For the latter,
we found 1.6%. So, for the artificially bred Burbank’s cactus, in this case,
we will get almost 29%. Even if we put the heating capacity of a cactus half
as much as carrots, i.e. 258 calories (16 times less than flour), then utilization
will be more than 14%. And this result is amazing. Indeed, due to the absorption
of solar energy by the atmosphere and its clouds, the percentage of use cannot
be more than 25%. We got 14% with the help of cactus. It turns out that the
cactus gives 56% of the greatest possible.
However, there is almost no cloud cover in dry deserts, and therefore we will
get not 56% of the possible, but about 25%. And that’s not enough. This result
should be encouraging to researchers looking for plants with a high percentage
of utilization. This cactus (a hybrid of Prickly pear) was bred by the famous
Burbank (Harwood and Timiryazev). Cactus fruits are edible and taste like oranges.
There are 250 tons of them per hectare. The Burbank’s cactus is unpretentious
and can withstand dryness, cold and snow. He can turn the desert into fodder
and fruit granaries.
6. Imperfection of soil and fertilizers. The soil suitable
for agriculture should contain per cubic meter at least a thousand billion solid
particles or dust particles (1015), with a surface of 300 thousand sq. meters.
The required average particle thickness will then be 0.01 mm. In the soil, in
general, they are about 1.7 × 1018, i.e. 6000 times more than the minimum. This
means that their diameter will be almost 4 times smaller, and the surface is
the same number of times larger (1.2 square versts*) of the specified minimum
(other experiments show that soil particles can be much larger up to several
millimeters across).
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In addition to fragmentation, plants need the presence of soil
bacteria. Thus, ordinary soil, on average, contains about 1.6 × 1015 bacteria
per cubic meter, i.e. there is one bacterium for every 1000 solid particles.
Probably, every kind of plant is corresponded by its most useful bacteria and
fungi. These are, for example, plants containing a lot of nitrogen in their
fruits (peas, beans, French bean, etc.). In the absence of bacteria and infertility
of the soil, it is sown with bacteria and it becomes fertile.
A certain composition of the soil is also necessary. It should contain 12-20
elements in suitable complex bodies. If there is no or little of certain substance,
then the plant grows poorly or dies. This means that it is necessary to monitor
the composition of the soil and supplement it as needed, or moderate it in case
of an excess, which is also sometimes harmful, and even destructive.
The humidity of the ground is also needed. Its economical adjustment is best
undertaken when each group of plants similar in some respects is isolated under
a transparent cover (a special construction of greenhouse).
7. Unsuitable composition of the gaseous medium surrounding
this group of plants. So, in general, we find in the air a harmful excess of
oxygen and nitrogen, an unfavorable amount of water vapor and an extreme lack
of carbon dioxide.
8. Temperature inappropriate for the plant and its changes.
It interferes with the chemical process or slows it down.
9. Unproductive consumption of chemical energy of the plant for its
warming (during cold weather).
10. Pests: microbes, fungi, insects, birds and other animals.
These are cruel enemies, which, under ordinary conditions, are extremely difficult
to fight. In the States of Nor. Amer. insects alone cause 150 rubles loss per
person, and 600 rubles – per family. But what is the cost of struggle against
them?
11. The presence of extraneous plants that take away food and
light from cultivated ones. We mean weeds, unnecessary and unprofitable plants.
12. Dust covering the leaves and absorbing the solar energy
fruitlessly.
13. Not the most favorable composition of rays falling on leaves
and producing chemical work in plants.
The elimination of many of these imperfections is possible only when isolating
similar plants in special rooms with a transparent cover, arranged in a special
way for each group of plants. Here the temperature, the composition of the gaseous
medium and the soil are regulated, all pests such as bacteria, fungi, insects
and other animals are eliminated. Only what is useful for the main plants remains
or is allowed, i.e. their beneficial cohabitation with other secondary organisms
(symbiosis) is arranged. In a tropical climate or in hot dry deserts, isolation
may well pay off even at the present time, since a tiny piece of land less than
an are (100 sq. m.) is quite sufficient to feed 1 person and even gives an excess
of fruits and other edible parts for sale. The arrangement of such cells depends
partly on the kind of plants, climate, latitude of the place, soil and cannot
be given here. The concept of that can be obtained from my work: “The
Future of the Earth”.
The article gives a broad view of the overall spread
of life in the space, its diversity, points to worlds within worlds, to the
endless periodicity and complexity of matter and phenomena, to the existence
of infinitely remote epochs when the “ethereal” animals existed – not like terrestrial
ones and difficult to imagine them, although perfect and conscious ones.
From a limited earthly point of view, the animal is made up of 29 known elements.
Its main component is water; it can tolerate temperatures no higher than 100°C
and no lower than 100-200, and then it does not live in this condition (insensitivity,
or anabiosis), but only persists; most of them require a certain average temperature
close to 20°C. The animal requires an atmosphere containing oxygen and water
vapor. The sources of its activity, that is, its movement and thought, are other
organisms or, in extreme cases, the sun (animal-plants, or zoophytes). It seems,
an animal cannot live without atmospheric pressure and gravity. Its body should
have a temperature above the freezing point and no more than 37-40°C. A mature
animal has a certain height. Even the higher animals (human) are very imperfect.
For example, life expectancy is short; the brain is small and poorly arranged,
etc.
In essence, all this is only the result of adaptation to the conditions of life
on Earth – mainly to life on the equator, and a sign of incomplete phylogenetic
development (evolution). On other planets, under other conditions, the structure
of the animal will be different. The Earth will also give the best over time.
Let’s analyze in order all the data about terrestrial organisms.
Why is an animal made up of 29 elements, why does it not include other elements,
such as gold, platinum, etc., and if it does, then by chance, in negligible
quantities, without playing any role? (And of these 29, 9 ones are probably
not needed).
The first reason is that the animal feeds on plants, and plants just contain
these substances. Why are plants made up of these substances? Plants are surrounded
by atmosphere, water and water vapor; it puts its roots into the soil. Therefore,
it should contain these substances. Namely: water gives the plant hydrogen and
oxygen. The soil, dissolving in water, most of all carries to plants calcium,
phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur, sodium, potassium, fluorine, magnesium, iron,
silicon, manganese, aluminum, etc. The atmosphere gives oxygen, carbon and nitrogen.
In negligible quantities, the soil and its water contain other elements, but
their quantity is small, because these are rare substances or heavy and hidden
in the bowels of the earth and therefore little accessible to plants ones. If
other elements prevail on the Earth’s surface and in the atmosphere, then the
composition of animals and plants would be different.
There are more heavy elements on the surface of planets close to their suns,
and therefore heavy elements should enter into the composition of organisms
there. On the contrary, on planets far from their suns, lighter substances would
enter the body, since there are more of them there.
Man extracted heavy metals from the bowels of the earth and made, for example,
gold a part of his body (teeth, etc.). In general, the composition of animals
on Earth may still change.
What is the conclusion? All substances are suitable for creating organisms under
suitable conditions. One must think that on each planet, according to the substances
of its surface, distance from the sun, the properties of the latter, the temperature
of the planet and other conditions, the most diverse substances prevail in organisms.
An animal consists of solids and liquids. But not only water is liquid. On the
contrary, on planets far from the sun, at low temperatures, water is a mineral
at all, and the predominant liquid substances have a different composition,
for example: liquid carbon dioxide, various oils, alcohols, carbohydrates, liquid
gases, etc. They would have become part of the seas and organisms. Also, on
planets close to the suns, our solid bodies would be liquid there and could
become part of animals.
The atmosphere of other planets may also have a different composition. On cold
planets, hydrogen would predominate, on close ones, water vapor or other liquids
converted into gases due to heat.
From this we will draw a new conclusion: on both cold and hot planets the creatures
are possible, beings composed of those seas, atmospheres and soils that exist
on the planets.
Is it really necessary for the abundant development of life to have an ambient
temperature hovering around 25°C? We have seen that neither high nor low temperatures
deprive the planet of oceans and atmospheres (only of a different composition),
and therefore do not deprive of animals. The latter ones will be composed of
liquids and gases suitable for the average temperature of this planet. This
means that the most diverse temperatures of the planets do not prevent the rich
development of life on them.
We see that even our organisms adapt to low temperatures. But, of course, these
are the most imperfect creatures or an intelligent human knowing how to protect
himself from the cold with an artificial environment that costs him a terrible
strain of strength. But after all, the northern animals migrated from warm countries,
their homeland is the equator, they were not adapted to the harsh climate. Only
hundreds of thousands of years could do this, and for a few ones only. Therefore,
we have not yet seen the lush blooming of life in winter and polar climate.
However, the main reason for the scarcity of cold countries is the lack of solar
energy.
The body temperature of the higher beings of the Earth is close to 37 °C. Why
is that? The birthplace of life is the equator. Life began in its waters (the
reason is uniform heat and an abundance of solar energy). There, the average
water temperature fluctuated around 25 °C. This is the temperature of the first
animals, the height of whose life, its vivid manifestations corresponded to
this temperature. The animals took the temperature of the environment, endured
the low temperature also, but felt good only at the average temperature of the
environment.
Due to the weak life energy of the first creatures, their body temperature was
only slightly higher than the ambient temperature.
But the warm-blooded ones appeared with their powerful manifestations of life.
As a result of it (heat, combustion or chemical processes inside the animal),
the temperature of their bodies has greatly increased in comparison with the
average temperature of the environment. So, animal temperatures are always slightly
higher than the average temperature of the planet. Since the temperature of
the planets can be very diverse, so can the temperature of animals. Some are
very hot; others are as cold as ice – from a human point of view. I’m not talking
about those cases when the temperature of the environment is slightly higher
than the temperature of the animal. In this case, the warm-blooded ones are
threatened with death, since the brain (heated) stops its activity. But then
the skin or lungs evaporate water, heat is absorbed from the body and the brain
maintains a normal temperature. Its sharp fluctuation is fatal for any organism.
So, on the Moon and the few planets always facing one side to the Sun, the temperature
ranges from 250° below to 250° or more above zero.
How to live in such conditions? No matter how great is the temperature difference
on the outside of the planet – this does not exclude life, since the inside
of the planet retains a constant temperature. Animals, digging holes, will find
salvation in them both from excessive heat and from extreme cold. However, the
position of the lower beings is helpless here. The beginning of the development
of life with these sharp temperature contrasts is difficult. Of course, there
are limits to everything, and to the endurance of life among other issues. Places
inconvenient for the life of lower beings can be taken over by conscious ones
with the highest developed knowledge and technology.
Is the sun necessary for the existence of animals? The energy of the sun’s rays
is very widespread in the universe: in the Ethereal Island only there are up
to a million billions of young and old suns, emitting their rays relentlessly.
It is clear that most animals exist due to solar energy. However, it can be
done by the power of some other kind of energy. So, the suns extinguish temporarily,
distant planets have almost no life. High temperature and chemical energy remain
for a long time inside the celestial bodies, cold from the surface. And this
makes it possible to preserve and continue the life of organisms for a long
time. However, there is no special need to feed on these pitiful remnants of
celestial energy, since there is as much of it as you want in the form of flaming
suns. Theoretically, any kind of energy can support life, for example, the energy
of motion and rotation of planets, gravity, heat, atomic energy and other types
of it. In what way – we will not enter into this.
The animal’s brain is very important. Can it increase with the same growth and
how much? Of course, the structure of the brain is of great importance, but
also the volume of the brain is a good quality, increasing memory and mental
power. If we can carry heavy loads, then why can’t we carry a more massive head?
Mechanics shows that the volume of the brain can increase by two or three times
without any damage. So far, however, we are encountering obstacles to this.
On the one hand, the difficulties of childbirth increase, on the other – the
development of the brain (in the first stage) leads to narrow religiosity; a
person renounces himself in favor of his neighbors and leaves no offspring.
In the second stage, the same development leads to pessimism, which kills brightest
(religious) hopes, frightens and causes nervous disorders, illness and early
death. Only in the third stage – with the highest development of knowledge and
mind – a certain balance between egoism and altruism is obtained, when a person
begins to realize the need to take care of himself and his offspring as well.
The first reason can be eliminated by premature birth and subsequent development
of the embryo in a special artificial environment. Human should, as it were,
return to the period of carrying eggs (birds, reptiles, etc.). The second and
third reasons are eliminated by precautions during the development of the first
and second stages and by the immediate development of the third one, which gives
rise to optimism, thanks to higher knowledge, insight into the depths of nature
and true wisdom.
But the size of the brain can also increase along with a proportional increase
in the whole animal. On the Earth, the increase in growth is hindered by gravity.
Mechanics strictly proves that the brain mass of similar-shaped (homothetic)
animals is proportional to the cube of the decrease in gravity to which the
animals are subjected. So, on Mars and Mercury, where the gravity is two times
less than on Earth, the brain volume could be 8 times larger than ours, of course,
for the same external shape of animals. The growth of these creatures would
be twice as large as on Earth. On the Moon, the height would be 16 times, and
the brain mass would be 216 times more.
This conclusion of mechanics does not apply to aquatic creatures, because their
gravity is destroyed by the counteracting force of water. But the industry is
impossible in the water (you can’t make a fire), there is little amount of oxygen,
solar energy (light), and therefore life has not gone and cannot go further
there.
When a person will settle in artificial conditional dwellings, in the ether,
that is, when he will leave the Earth, having overcome its gravity, there, in
the ether, between the planets, there will be no obstacles to the voluminous
development of the brain, except for the complexity of the large brain and its
feeding organs, which, of course, will put a limit to the development of brain
mass.
While a human is on the Earth (part of humanity will definitely remain on the
Earth), until then the brain volume can only increase 2-3 times. It will be
ugly, but it is possible to get used to everything. Beauty is a conditional
and subjective thing.
Mammalian lungs have an extremely imperfect structure. This organ must be transformed.
Take the digestive tube as an example.
In lower beings it has an entrance, but it has no special exit. Digested food
residues are released from the same hole they enter. So, locusts spew feces
by mouth. This slows down the digestive process. Therefore, higher animals have
acquired an outlet. By this step they have taken advantage over ones who do
not have it. Primitive blood circulation was also wave-like (back and forth).
A proper pump (heart) and a circular movement of blood take place only in the
highest ones.
Similarly, the lungs of most mammals, taking air in and extracting oxygen from
it, discharge respiratory products through the same opening. Due to this, the
oxidation of blood is slow; the respiratory organ has a large volume and gives
little oxygen to the animal. The respiratory chamber, as well as the digestive
chamber, should have an outlet. The air must enter continuously into one hole
and exit into another. We see that it is possible from the consideration of
the anatomy of insects and birds, involuntarily releasing enormous energy during
flight. Insects have through tubes (trachea) through which air flows. They lack
an air pump only. However, it is impossible to guarantee that at least some
insects do not have it. In birds, the pectoral muscles are penetrated by similar
tubes, although the mechanism of movement of air in them is unclear: either
the jets of air flow in one direction, or they oscillate back and forth, as
in the lungs. It is only clear that the air flow in these tubes is caused by
the contraction of the pectoral muscles during flight (when exactly huge energy
is needed).
There is no doubt that the evolution of higher animals, even on Earth, could
have taken a different course and produced animals with a through-breathing
organ. Such beings are quite possible on millions of billions of other planets.
They may also appear on Earth, naturally or artificially, when human will begin
to transform his body. Physiologists know how many disadvantages the bodies
of even higher animals have. All of them must be eliminated by training, selection,
cross-breeding, operations and other methods. We are talking only about a few
imperfect ones – for example only. Even humans don’t have even a single proper
or perfect organ. Note that in many aquatic creatures, oxygen dissolved in water
moves in the same direction with it. For example, in fish – from the throat
to the gill slits.
Maybe because of this, fish get by with such a negligible amount of oxygen,
which we see in the water.
Does a human need heaviness, and exactly the same as on Earth? In case of conformity
or external similarity of organisms (with equal size or height), heaviness suppresses
growth the more, the stronger it is. So, it also reduces the volume of the brain,
and consequently, mental power. It turns out that it is harmful.
The idea, that the complete elimination of gravity does not interfere with life
in the least, can be seen from the fact, for example, that aquatic animals,
where gravity (or weight) is obliterated by the back pressure of the liquid,
do not suffer at all. Rather, nowhere do the sizes of organisms reach such a
large scale as in the oceans. A whale is helpless on land, but frolics in the
water like a kitten. An animal placed upside down does not die and does not
suffer, although the gravity is reversed. Moreover, it does not suffer in a
lying position, when the pressure of the blood column decreases several times.
A human in this position can perform swallowing, digestive and other movements.
Baths, destroying the gravity in patients, in many cases facilitate them, in
addition to medicinal (therapeutic) action. Weakened gravity should reduce the
mass of the organs of movement (legs, wings, etc.), if it does not increase
the growth of the body. On planets with lesser gravity, the following phenomena
should be observed:
1) the smaller the radius of the planet or its gravity, the greater the growth
of the organism;
2) if this is not the case, then the organs of movement (legs, etc.) become
very weak or thin;
3) if this is not the case, then the jumping of animals or the speed of their
movement increases;
4) there may be a combination of all three cases, that is, a moderate increase
in height, a moderate weakening of the leg or chest muscles, a moderate increase
in jumping and other movements. There can be a wide variety of combinations
of the three extreme cases.
On larger planets, with greater gravity, the opposite situation will happen.
But the following may be said: how can you do without gravity – the oceans will
evaporate, the atmosphere will disperse and the planet will be left without
the things making the life possible.
Let’s take it in order. Is it possible to do without water and air, and to what
extent are they necessary? A human easily adapts to heights where there is half
as much air and oxygen. There are such mountain villages. Children born there
tolerate the lack of oxygen perfectly (but travelers are burdened). Healthy
children tolerate a fourfold reduced amount of oxygen for some time. If the
lungs are through, they will be satisfied with a smaller volume of life-giving
gas. Fish, instead of air, as if breathe water soaked in it. This water flows
in one direction (from the mouth to the gill slits), like the blood and food
of higher animals. The water contains 60 times less oxygen than in the atmosphere,
but this does not prevent fish from living. Moreover, aquatic creatures live
well even when there is even less oxygen. Somebody may say: that’s what fish
life is for! But pure oxygen (without water and atmospheric nitrogen) with through
lungs will dissolve in the blood very quickly and give it no less than our land
animals receive it.
But how can we do without atmospheric pressure? Lack of air or other environment
pressure causes bleeding from the nose, throat and other organs. This is understandable:
the strength of blood vessels is partly supported by the external pressure of
the atmosphere. When it lacks or weakens the weaker now vessels of the nose
and throat are bursting from the pressure of blood. Man and higher animals are
not adapted to the weak pressure of the environment. If children are born, live
and grow up in such environment, then, due to the observed (Lamarck) ability
of the organism to adapt to new conditions, their blood vessels become stronger,
and animals will exist harmlessly in a rarefied environment.
The bones of the organs of movement are also associated with atmospheric pressure.
If there is no air – there will be no such connection. But the bones will not
disintegrate even without air pressure, because they are also connected by tendons
and constant tension of the surrounding muscles. That this is so is evident
from the experience of gymnastic exercises: a human hangs on his arms and legs,
being subjected to gravity incomparably greater than the force of atmospheric
pressure on a small area of the articular joints of the bone. The latter still
do not disintegrate. From this it can be seen that the tension of the muscles
alone is enough to keep the bones in the joints.
In a rarefied environment, the evaporation of water in the sweat glands and
lungs should increase. But some animals (dogs) do not evaporate water with their
skin at all. Therefore, an organism that does not lose water through sweating
is possible. There are the same plants also (some cacti). What does it mean?
There may be beings who do not suffer at all from the elimination of external
pressure. However, if the lungs are like that, then the animals will not be
able to regulate their body temperature and will die. But if it is maintained
constant, then this danger will no longer exist.
There are many more indications of the influence of the medium pressure. Thus,
mammalian lungs expand solely by the force of atmospheric pressure. However,
we hope for the possibility of adapting the lungs to the absence of pressure.
Indeed, if the lungs are through and the air moves continuously through them,
then they may lose their elasticity as unnecessary or grow to the chest. We
can’t sort everything out here.
We now see that animals can do without gravity and with a small amount of gases
and their pressure.
Is gaseous oxygen or other gaseous food also necessary? Not at all. Oxygen can
be ingested by animals as food, in the form of its unstable compounds in liquid
or solid form. There are many such ones known in chemistry, and many more of
them will be discovered by the chemistry of the future. It is possible that
a special organ like a special stomach will be required, from where oxygen will
gradually enter the blood. So, you get an organism with two stomachs without
lungs. It does not lose water and does not suffer without an atmosphere. Such
organisms are possible on the Moon and other planets that do not have atmospheres
or have them in a very rarefied state.
The composition of atmospheres can be very diverse for creatures with lungs.
Oxygen alone does not provide energy: sodium burns in carbon dioxide and chlorine.
Chemistry can provide many such examples. Finally, we also have creatures on
Earth that live in carbon dioxide and do not need oxygen (anaerobic). There
is so much diversity, so much creativity on the million of billions of planets
of our Ethereal Island alone, that something is possible that the most ingenious
human mind cannot imagine now.
Do we even need food? Could there be creatures that do not take food, that is,
not assimilating gases, water, plants, meat and salts? Plants can eat only minerals,
though. But still, we can take these substances for the food of organisms. The
atmosphere also takes part in this nutrition, giving carbon dioxide, oxygen,
or nitrogen (mostly via bacteria).
There are also animals like plants. They can also feed on inorganic substances.
These are animal-plants (zoophytes). They contain green grains (chlorophyll)
in their bodies, through which and with the participation of sunlight they decompose
carbon dioxide of the air into carbon and oxygen. Oxygen is released into the
air, and carbon with other inorganic substances forms sugar, starch, fiber (carbohydrates),
nitrogenous and other organic tissues that make up the body of the creature.
From here we only see that both plants and animals can exist with the help of
inorganic food only in the presence of solar energy. Nevertheless, the atmosphere,
water, and the earth’s soil take part here. Is life possible without the constant
participation of these elements of the Earth, that is, without the participation
of the environment?
Let's imagine a completely isolated special animal. No gases,
liquids, or other substances penetrate into it. They also cannot leave it.
The animal is penetrated only by rays of light. Encountering chlorophyll, carbon
dioxide dissolved in the blood and other decomposition products of animal tissues,
they decompose them, combine them and as a result give: oxygen, starch and sugar,
various nitrogenous and other nutrients.
Thus, our animal gets everything necessary for life. Food (meaning what is formed
in the body by the action of sunlight) and oxygen are dissolved in the animal’s
tissue. But the latter decompose again into carbon dioxide and other decomposition
products (urea, ammonia, etc.). Let all these waste products not be thrown out,
but enter the blood and remain in the body. The sun’s rays again relate to them,
as to gaseous and liquid fertilizers in plants, that is, they convert them into
oxygen and nutrients that replenish the loss of continuously working parts of
the body: muscles, brain, etc. This cycle goes on forever until the animal itself
is destroyed.
That such a creature is possible, we see from the following. Imagine a quartz
(or glass) transparent ball pierced by the rays of the sun. There is little
soil, water, gases, plants and animals in it. In a word, it is a similarity
of a huge globe, only in a tiny form. Both in it and on some planet there is
a certain isolated amount of matter. Both in one and in the other, the same
well-known circulation of matter takes place. Our glass ball represents the
semblance of a hypothetical being that dispenses with an unchanging amount of
matter and lives forever. If the animals in the ball die, then new ones are
born in their place, feeding on plants. In general, the glass ball is immortal,
as the Earth is immortal.
But the question is, how can such an animal arise whose mass remains constant?
It lives, thinks, moves, let’s even say that it dies. But how does it itself
be born and give birth? One can imagine that in the first stage of its life
it develops like terrestrial animals: it arises from an egg cell, the latter
develops in a suitable nutrient medium (perhaps with the participation of solar
energy), grows, breathes, reaches maximum growth, fertilizes or produces eggs,
then gradually transforms (like a caterpillar into a pupa and butterfly), loses
sweat glands, lungs, digestive organs, becomes covered with impenetrable skin,
in a word, isolates itself from the environment and becomes that extraordinary
creature that we have described. It lives only from the rays of the sun, does
not change in mass, but continues to think and live as a mortal or immortal
being.
The cradle of such creatures, of course, is a planet like Earth, that is, with
an atmosphere and oceans of any gases and liquids. But such a formed being can
already live in the void, in the ether, even without gravity, if only radiant
energy were present. Fortunately, there is no shortage of it. Millions of billions
of childless and family suns, young and old, relentlessly emit it for many trillions
of years. When they go out or fade, they are replaced by new ones. Such beings
cannot but use this abundant radiant energy. They surround all suns, even those
without planets, and use energy to live and think. The energy of the stars must
exist for something!
We are talking about creatures similar to terrestrial plants and animals. We
do not go beyond the limits of known science, but our imagination has nevertheless
given something that is absent yet on Earth, but that is possible from the point
of view of our narrow (so-called scientific) understanding of matter.
(In this way, I can point to an excellent article in French by L. L. Andreenko
“Life on planets”.)
We mean 80-90 elements, their transformation, protons, electrons and other working
hypotheses. We came to the conclusion that organisms could adapt to a variety
of living conditions on and off billions of planets. Their forms and functions,
as expected, are much more diverse than on the Earth – in our plants and animals.
The same is for the degree of perfection. But the latter is generally much higher
than the highest one on the Earth. Human genius is nothing compared to her.
It was done by a variety of conditions and abundant times, which had never been
scarce.
Each planet unites, eliminates all imperfections, reaches its highest power
and excellent social structure over time. The supreme council elects one person
who governs his planet. This being is the most perfect on the whole planet.
His qualities gradually spread to the entire population of the planet; nevertheless,
they cannot compare with each other.
But the population of the planet is multiplying, and its excess finds a place
only in the space surrounding the sun. This population is billions of times
more abundant than the planetary one. It is also governed by an elected council
and its President. The latter is more perfect than the chairman of the supreme
council of one planet.
The nearest groups of suns, milky ways, ethereal islands, etc. also unite. Representatives
of these social units ascend higher and higher in the degree of perfection.
So, in addition to the ordinary, rather perfect population of the universe,
we find representatives of planets, solar systems, star clusters, milky ways,
ethereal islands, etc. Their high qualities are hard to imagine. They represent
the likeness of gods of various degrees.
You may ask what is the reason of uniting of the solar system or a group of
suns? For example, let each solar system live as it knows. Why would it care
about another solar system! But every sun and its planets are not permanent:
they explode, fade away, are subject to various catastrophes. Before the onset
of these events, it is necessary to look for a suitable and unoccupied place
of residence for the population. We need to know everything about these solar
systems. The chairman of their group coordinates common interests, gives the
necessary information, directs into right place and provides assistance.
Is communication possible between neighboring suns? If we can already get some
information about them now, then what can happen later, when during the living
in the ether, the atmosphere will not prevent the almost limitless magnification
of telescopes, when we are freed from the destructive force of gravity, etc.
However, light does not travel fast enough for stellar distances. It needs years
to cross them. But maybe we will find another medium in the ether, lighter and
more elastic than the ether itself (as we also find ether in the atmosphere).
Its invisible fluctuations can reach neighboring suns not in years, but in days,
even hours. So the conversations will be much more convenient than they are
now.
All this is earthly, accessible to a simple scientific human mind. But there
may be an even higher, less accessible point of view. Nevertheless, its reliability
is justified not only by a penetrating mind, but also by facts. However, we
have to rise above the template working hypotheses – all these electrons, protons,
hydrogens, etc.
In fact, what was the course of scientific development, that is, the development
of knowledge? At first, countless bodies with various properties were found
and taken for a fundamental and unbounded variety of matter. Then we reduced
all this diversity to 90 elements. Finally, we came to the conclusion that all
these 90 simple bodies are composed only of electrons and protons. The ether
was thrown overboard. But after all, most physicists still recognize ether as
a working hypothesis, as an extremely rarefied and elastic substance, whose
particles are trillions of times smaller in mass than protons and billions of
times smaller than electrons (see my “Kinetic Theory of Light”).
What kind of jumps between the masses of particles are these! If the mass of
the proton is taken as one, then the mass of the electron will be expressed
as 1:2000, and the ether – 1:(16 ×1012) (the ratio of these numbers
will be: 16 trillion, 8 billion and one).
This confusion is resolved if we abandon the narrow point of view of modern
hypotheses.
Real matter is the result of the evolution of simpler matter, the elements of
which we do not know. I want to say that once there was a lighter and more elastic
matter, consisting of particles smaller than electrons. Maybe they were ether
particles.
When was that? Just time is infinite, like space and matter. There is as much
of it as you want. No number can express it. All known and imagined times represent
a road travelled in comparison with it. Take a sufficient amount of it – and
so we will come to a simpler matter.
This “simpler” one is a result of an even more “simpler” one. Once upon a time,
it was also predominant in the universe. So we can continue without end and
come to the conclusion about the infinite divisibility of matter due to the
infinity of elapsed times.
Think what you like, but to consider a proton or hydrogen as the basis of the
universe, to consider it as a real element, as indivisible thing is as strange
as to consider the sun or the planet as an element.
Maybe someone, some giant, for whom the whole sky is only a small particle of
matter, and individual suns are invisible just as atoms are to us, looking at
this “sky” through his “microscope”, will finally notice the sun and exclaim
joyfully: at last I have discovered particles in this “matter”, that is, suns.
But how wrong he would be if he mistook the suns for indivisible atoms.
So we are mistaken, taking an electron, proton or even a particle of ether for
an atom. Reason and the history of science tell us that our atom is as complex
as a planet or the sun.
What is the reason of all this? What is the practical conclusion? I want to
say that the infinities of the elapsed times reveal to us a number of worlds
composed of more and more sparse, more and more elastic substances. (It is noticed
that with a decrease in the mass of particles, their translational velocity
increases, and their elasticity also at the same time. Therefore, with the complication
of matter, elasticity decreases, with decomposition it increases.) I want to
say that the evolution of our matter will continue. In the future, it will give
worlds consisting of particles more and more complex, more and more massive.
They will also be first taken by future generations of conscious beings as indivisible
atoms. But they will be wrong, just as we are wrong.
So, what is the result? What’s next? – The reader will say. The next is the
fact that these epochs, which have gone into eternity, also created beings which
achieved perfection, as beings from our matter achieve it. Each rarefied world
gave “its own” solid, liquid and gaseous substances, which served for the formation
of intelligent beings (from very delicate matter). All such epochs were endlessly
behind and will be endlessly ahead. One of them is our epoch, with our intelligent
beings similar to those on the Earth.
What is the result? Using our imagination, we see an infinite number of epochs
in the past and the future and beings corresponding them. What are they, do
they have a connection with each other, do they manifest themselves in something
and can they manifest themselves, do they not disappear with the emergence of
a new era?
Let’s give an example. The animals and plants of the Earth have evolved. They
had the only source – the simplest protoplasm. We can even say – an inorganic
matter. It gave rise to protoplasm, which turned out to be a number of very
diverse creatures. Some of them died out, but, in general, the development of
the higher ones did not prevent the lower, more ancient, primeval ones from
existing without much progress. We see at the earthly feast of life at the same
time: bacteria, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and
humans. Only the power of the latter threatens the destruction of hostile beings.
But some may be necessary for him (bacteria and plants), others are conscious
and useful, and it makes no sense for him to destroy them. They stay.
Maybe, in the same way the epochs, segments of terrifying times, have preserved
not only the dense beings of our epoch, but also the lightest beings of past
times. Many of them could disappear, but not all of them: useful and perfect
ones could remain, just as creatures useful to people will remain.
Can’t we find them somehow? There are facts that we do not believe until we’ve
fallen under their influence. They speak for the existence of some forces that
recognize our thoughts, interfere in our affairs, etc. I can’t say much about
it, because I trust only myself and I can’t vouch for what others have experienced.
I myself have witnessed such phenomena only twice in my life: recently and 48
years ago.
What is it? Is it mysticism, spiritualism, occultism, theosophy, religion, etc.?
Nothing of the sort. I do not go beyond the limits of higher science, free reason
and material concepts. I still think that spiritualistic and similar phenomena
are usually the result of hallucinations, illness, deception, conjuring, delusion,
jugglery and other human weaknesses. But are those all of them? Are there any
reliable facts between them that confirm the beingness of creatures of other
epochs and their power?
In my opinion, the occultists’ teaching about the composition of a human being
from many entities – astral, mental, etc. – is anti-scientific. I am far from
these things, which are the result of limited knowledge or a young hobby, immature
impressions that we cannot knock out of our mind in any way, just as we cannot
abandon other impressions that we perceived in childhood.
We used to preach the repeatability of phenomena or the periodicity of worlds,
their repeated destruction and the same occurrence. It exists, but the periods
are not exactly similar, but they as if go down somewhere, because they give
more and more complex matter. This can be likened to a wavy road: we go up and
down it, while we do not notice that this road, in general, is inclined, that
is, with the disappearance of each period, we stand lower than before. There
is no end, of course, neither to periods (waves), nor to lowering (descent or
complication and condensation of matter).
It would make no sense to to take flight to our imagination
in this way if it were not required by the existence of phenomena to which I
have been exposed personally, as well as some others (see my essay “The Will
of the Universe”). A personal test forced me to pay attention to the statement
of others who had witnessed the same phenomena. I used to think of them as the
result of delusion, deception, credulity or jugglery. Almost 100% of them are
of such kind, but not all.
However, by any stretch, they can also be explained by the presence of beings
similar to us in material, only more perfect. However, theoretically, it is
impossible to deny the beings of infinitely distant epochs, composed of more
elementary corresponding matter.
Many people do not believe in autogenesis on planets on the
grounds that this autogenesis is not observed on the Earth during experiments
and in nature.
I will try to convince such people of the opposite.
Do we see everything on Earth? New species of animals, plants, bacteria and
minerals are discovered every day. It is especially difficult to observe the
microscopic world – and on the entire Earth’s surface too, at all depths and
heights.
Isn’t what we can’t do now impossible in the future? Previously, it was considered
impossible to obtain organic substances derived from plants and animals.
Now this is being refuted more and more. Organic aromas, paints, oils, and sugars
have been obtained in an innumerable variety exceeding the nature.
Going this way, won’t we reach living organic substances, the creation of protoplasm,
plant and animal cells?
Since when the opportunity of development of an egg (an animal germ cell) without
natural fertilization had been discovered!
It was considered impossible at one time: an airplane, a radio, a talking machine,
a steamboat, a steam locomotive, a sewing machine and an infinite number of
other tools that people use now. The scope of their creativity cannot be limited.
If it were impossible to create artificially a living being, then it would be
impossible to destroy it.
Arrhenius, Thomson and others consider the transfer of life from other planets
to Earth possible. Therefore, they allow autogenesis on other planets that are
no different from the Earth. And if it is possible on planets, then why is it
impossible on the Earth?
Nevertheless, I argued that this transfer is unthinkable. Therefore, we must
necessarily allow this autogenesis on the Earth; otherwise it is impossible
to explain the appearance of life on our planet.
I also proved that the transfer of life is possible with the help of the technique
of higher human-like beings. But then these beings, their superior civilization,
technical perfection, structures of various kinds would have appeared on Earth.
If all this was ever destroyed by hostile nature, some kind of catastrophe,
for example, a grand earthquake, a comet, the fall of a large bolide, etc.,
then still there could remain fossil traces of a higher culture, which, however,
we do not see.
We found traces of worms and insects. How could we not find traces of a higher
human!
Therefore, it is inevitable to allow self-generation (autogony) again.
“Alive from alive”. A living one had not been got from the dead one yet. For
now, this is irrefutable, but is it forever?! Nature also does not seem to produce
a single creature from a mixture of materials anywhere.
But let’s assume that it produced the beginnings of life somewhere invisibly
to us. The question is whether they could have survived and continued their
phylogenetic development (evolution).
The lower nationalities die out when they come into contact with the higher
ones. So, the Indians, New Zealanders and many other weak races have almost
died out. Here, that was the fault of the cruelty of the Europeans partly. But
let there be a merciful and fair attitude towards them, and yet they are destined
to disappear (or dissolve into more perfect races) sooner or later, having served
humanity. The degree of capacity to work, resistance to diseases and so on will
give victory to the higher races, because the latter will procreate better and
die out slower.
Apes and monkeys still exist now. But they will also disappear when people will
multiply and occupy the land they inhabit.
If there were no higher races, the lower ones would play a role; and the apes
would have reached the development of man. But competition will take them off
the face of the Earth for their own benefit. Not many of today’s people will
leave offspring, as they will be replaced by the offspring of the highest representatives
of the Earth.
Many lower animals would have evolved and had a great future if it weren’t for
the competition of the higher ones. On the lower steps of the animal ladder,
they do not stand on ceremony. The weakest ones are just devoured there. (We
hope that nothing like this will happen in relation of strong cultures to weak
ones, even to animals. And now there is propaganda about mercy for animals).
Also, the first germs of tender life, in the form of the simplest living organic
compounds, currently cannot withstand the competition of existing more advanced
bacteria and other creatures.
If they weren’t there, that’s another matter. The germs of life could develop,
give multicellular and higher beings up to man and beyond. But there is no way
for them to do that: they are immediately wiped out by the already ready and
relatively perfect life surrounding them and numbering many millions of years
of existence. It is impossible to fight it!
Similarly, the development of higher forms of life, for example, in relation
to man, requires special isolation and enormous care for it, that people, unfortunately,
do not know. That is why human progresses so ineffectually in relation to body
and mind.
Let’s digress a little to the side. The question arises involuntarily: is it
beneficial for humanity to reproduce the higher breeds and eliminate the lower
ones mercifully? I will ask you what to do for a gardener who wants to feed
himself – whether to plant vegetables from their seeds, or wait for algae to
develop from bacteria, for mosses from algae, for ferns from mosses, for meadow
grasses from the latter, for bad vegetables from weeds, for good vegetables
from the latter. Wouldn’t he have to wait millions of years for carrots, beets,
cabbage, potatoes, etc. The answer is clear. We should act the same way.
Reproduction of animals and imperfect people, and even enhanced reproduction,
is still necessary. Without the overflow of the Earth, it is impossible to possess
it. But the fuller the population of the Earth, the stricter the selection of
the best ones will be, the stronger their reproduction and the weaker reproduction
of the laggards. In the end, the latter will disappear for their own good, as
they will be embodied in perfect forms.
Translated by Pavel Volkov, 2021
The original Russian text of the book and photocopies of the pages of the original
edition may be found here
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